Introduction However, recent research introduces a new concept called Neural Computers (NCs), where all these functions are unified into a single neural network system. This approach represents a shift from programmed machines to learned machines. What Is a Neural Computer? A Neural Computer is an artificial intelligence system designed to perform computation, store information, and handle input/output operations within one unified model. Instead of executing predefined code step by step, the system learns how to behave like a computer by observing data—such as screen activity, user commands, and interactions. In simple terms: A Neural Computer does not run software—it learns how software behaves and imitates it. How It Works The current implementations of Neural Computers are based on advanced AI models, especially video-based models. These systems are trained on recordings of real computer usage, including: Terminal commands (CLI) The model observes these sequences and learns to predict what should happen next. Internally, it maintains a latent state, which acts like memory and processing combined. At each step: It receives the current screen and user action This creates a continuous loop where the AI simulates how a computer would respond. Key Capabilities Early Neural Computer prototypes demonstrate several important abilities: Interface Simulation: They can generate realistic terminal or desktop screens These capabilities suggest that neural systems can replicate basic computing environments. Current Limitations Despite promising results, Neural Computers are still in an early stage of development. Some key challenges include: Weak Symbolic Reasoning: They struggle with tasks like arithmetic and logic These limitations highlight that current models are better at imitation than true computation. The Long-Term Vision: Completely Neural Computers Researchers aim to develop Completely Neural Computers (CNCs)—systems that are: Fully programmable Such systems would function as general-purpose computers, but without traditional hardware/software separation. Neural Computers represent a fundamental shift in computing. Instead of designing systems through explicit programming, future systems could be trained to perform tasks through experience and data. This could lead to: More adaptive and intelligent computing systems Conclusion Neural Computers introduce a new paradigm where computation, memory, and interaction are unified within a single neural model. While current implementations are limited, they demonstrate the potential for AI systems to evolve beyond tools that use computers—toward systems that become computers themselves. This research marks an early but significant step toward reimagining how computing systems are built and operated in the future.